Public health is termed as the knowledge and skill of avoiding illness, extending fitness The WritePass Journal

Public health is termed as the knowledge and skill of avoiding illness, extending fitness INTRODUCTION Public health is termed as the knowledge and skill of avoiding illness, extending fitness INTRODUCTION19th Century HousingDISCUSSIONPolitical ReformsThe Industrial ActsThe Poor LawREFERNCESRelated INTRODUCTION According to Acheson report (1988) Public health is termed as the knowledge and skill of avoiding illness, extending fitness in the course of a planned hard work of the community that is the idea and the hard work of the society will concentrate policy matters at the point of the general health of the people (Orme et al., 2003). Weber described class as â€Å"a number of people who have in common a specific causal component of their life chances in so far as this component is represented exclusively by economic interest in the possession of goods and opportunities for income, and is represented by under the conditions of the commodity or labour markets† (Townsend, 1974, p.128) 19th Century Housing According to Orme et al., (2003); Ineichen (1993) ; Burnett (1978) and Lambert, (2008) accommodations in the 19th century were extremely poor, overcrowded and unhygienic many homes were not properly constructed, and they were full of waterlogged and were unhealthy for human that is there were no illuminations; no airing in the house, in a typical home there were no furnishings in the individual homes, households had to share only one bed; that was mostly seven to nine individuals were sleeping in the same room and bed and the fact is these were usual practices around the time and sanitation had always been   poor since the 18th century and much poorer as the numbers of people living in the same room increased and this contributed to the distribution of infectious illness which included cholera, typhoid and typhus. Meanwhile there were no set of laws to construct a house in many cities. Building constructors usually constructed houses as they want and they mostly build a lot of properties in a single land. Several homes were back-to-backs which means the back of one house was attached to the back of the other and were often two or three rooms,   the sad thing was they were all cellar dwellings and cities such as Liverpool households stayed in cellars, which were soggy and inadequately ventilated as well as packed. Extremely poor individuals dozed on straw as they could not have the funds for beds (Lambert, 2008; Burnett, 1978; Ineichen, 1993) and Cholera around that time was very contagious which led many to a serious intestinal illness the incidence of cholera was very fast which took the lives of twenty- two thousand people the warning signs were aggressive diaheohoa with vomiting led by severe pain in the arms, legs and the stomach. Persistent dehydration and fever were frequent with the s ickness and warning signs were very speedy within three to twelve hours and the skin turned dry and a cloudy navy or purple in colour whiles the individuals eyes sucked in their holes (Lambert, 2008; Burnett, 1978; Ineichen, 1993). Within 1848-1849 cholera took over 50, 000 – 70, 000 lives and was a major public concerned. (Orme et al., 2003; Ineichen, 1993; Burnett, 1978) Moreover, Baggott, (1998) confirmed that the early 19th century had lots of voluntary hospitals that were set up by those who gave funds to the public. The status of the voluntary hospitals were such that doctors did not have to charge for treatment with the concession of allied with the hospital, but doctors were making a living by treating the rich investors whose donations sustained the hospitals. The rich were always treated in their houses instead of the hospitals and hospitals in the 19th century were chiefly for the poor who could not have enough money for treatment. However, permission to these hospitals was very discriminative in such that the poor and the individuals with contagious illness were often refused entry since the doctors were not getting any money from them (Baggott, 1998). According to Orme et al., (2003) Ineichen, (1993) Burnett (1978)   Lambert (2008) it was a very sad moment when a member of one’s family could only be seen for a few days or hours after woken up an in 1843, Individuals could not live for more than 26 years in Liverpool, 37 years in London and 40-45 years in Surrey and many children lost their lives prior to their fifth birthday (Ineichen, 1993) and incidence of contagious illness were considered as miasma theory, which stated that illness came as a result of inhaling toxic substances which was the main focused of the Victorian public health groups, when incidence began to worsen (Ineichen, 1993). In 1832 the Royal Commission on the poor Laws were chosen as the concerns for public health rose very high with an increase in the cost of public funds which was followed by outburst of illness (Ineichen, 1993) it was not until 1840 when one Edwin Chadwick who was a famous supporter for social justice and the overall development of sanitary situations in the neighbourhood as a whole with decided to look into why there were a lot of contagious illness and according to Chadwick, the outbreak of contagious sickness were owed to poor sanitation, he recognised the fact that high levels of poverty were the grounds for individuals not being able to meet the expense of living in a cleaner environment however, individuals were really cleaning within as well as ingestion from polluted water supplies. In 1840, Chadwick had a strong-willed that something had to be done by investigating on his own. By 1842 Chadwick who was the Commissioner to the Poor Law ultimately issued a statement on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain. The statement accused the poor sanitation and overcrowded homes as the cause of illness. Chadwick assumed that the awfully standard of living of the poor gave way to the prevalence of illness; therefore he made careful observation on the way of life of individuals. Chadw ick’s came up with   a conclusion that the poor sanitary condition was the cause of illness in the community but his analysis also   he made it know that a well developed procedures must be in place so as to resolve the lives of the un-wealthy individuals in the society and the procedures were to   run   sufficient drainage and water systems. Chadwick also added that all refuse must not be stored in homes and roads so as to reduce the spread of illness in the community (Ineichen, 1993). It was not until the hub of 1800s when one physician John Snow , who was managing the incidence of cholera in Broadgate which was a poor suburb in London assessed the effect of the illness from one area to another and made it known that drinking from polluted water was the cause of the incidence of illness such as Cholera rather than inhaling polluted scent from the atmosphere and as a result, a new legislation was passed when Chadwick revealed his 1842 report which made it clear that poor standard of living were the cause of the major incidence of illnesses in town which led majority of people to be occupied in cellars as a result of   the government driven them out of their homes in 1851   to stop overcrowded (Orme et al., 2003; Ineichen, 1993; Burnett, 1978; Lambert, 2008). Many men groups named Paving Commissioners or Improvement commissioners were set up with the rights to tile, sanitary and illuminate the roads but in those times England was separated into parishes therefore the Commissioners merely had rights over specific parishes ( Burnett, 1978; Ineichen, 1993). However in the 19th century many new houses were constructed which expanded to other parishes where the commissioners had no rights in the new neighbourhood their roads were normally untilled with no lights on the streets. They had no drainage systems and when it rained roads curved into sludge. Individuals were splashing unclean water in the roads which left stagnant on the roads, toilets outside the homes and were normally used by more addresses, there were usually long lines especially on Sunday mornings to use the toilets (Lambert, 2008; Burnett, 1978; Ineichen, 1993). DISCUSSION In the nineteenth century the living condition of the British civilization was extremely poor (Rose, 1982) take home pay per every individual was  £45 in 1900 and  £57 pounds in 1938. Many individuals who were able to work fell into poverty at some point of their lives and poverty was considered as part of the civilization. Even individuals with the maximum paid could come across in a time of work dejection. As work was very difficult to come by even if you were desperate and determined to do so. Even an artisan at some point had to depend on the incomes of children, help from friends, or borrowed money from neighbouring tradesmen so as to make ends meet before things get better. A bigger percentage of the British population straggled to make ends meet and their level of poverty were more constant even if it was not everlasting one (Rose, 1982), that is pauperism and misery was considered as a collective problem but not poverty. Later in the 19th century plans were made to reconstruct the public health professionals were allotted and assisted to develop the drainage systems, accommodations and roads. Individuals started to realise about the effects of good hygiene. Florence Nightingale went on an assignment to develop hospital environments whiles Joseph Lister also revealed that many contagious illnesses came as a result of unsterile instruments used in surgery therefore he started cleaning apparatus after surgery this reduced the number of contagious deaths during surgery operation from 60% to 4% since then individuals were able to live longer after discovery of personal hygiene. . The public sector had the biggest share of hospital Political Reforms According to Lambert (2008) the Tory regime was set up in 1822 which then initiated a number of reforms at that moment, individuals could be suspended for more than 200 crimes however in 1825-1828 the life sentenced was eradicated for than 180 offences. The Industrial Acts Lambert (2008) has confirmed that an industry is termed as an environment where over fifty individuals are engaged with the aim of developing a mass product or material. The industrial revolution formed a unique order for women and child labour. Children were always working together with their families but prior to the 19th century children normally did part time work in fabric industries with women and were usually asked to do lengthy hours normally 12 hours or more in a day. The government was aware of the problem and in 1819 a law was passed to make illegitimate for children less than nine years of age to be employed in fabric industries. On the other hand the law was not very effective as there were no assessors to monitor the industries for unlawful children working. Therefore in 1833 a new law was passed for supervisors to monitor the fabric industries to stop children below the age of nine from labouring in the fabric industries. Children who were aged nine to thirteen were al so not permitted to do more than twelve hour shift a  Ã‚   day or more than 48 hours within seven days and Children aged thirteen to eighteen were also not to do more than 69 hours within seven days. Moreover no one below the aged of eighteen was permitted to do late night shift that is between 8.30 in the evening to 5.30 in the morning but within 1844 another act passed to disallow female from doing more than twelve hour shift within 24 hours which also decreased the minimum working age for operating in the fabric industries but in 1847 females and children were stopped from doing over ten hour shift within twenty four hours in the fabric industries. In addition to the reforms, in 1850 the law was modified to permit females to work for ten and halve hours a day meanwhile fabric industries were not to be operated for more twelve hours within twenty four hours a day and every employee together with men, were authorized to take one and half hours for meal breaks however,   In 1867 the law was expanded to all industries not only fabric industries however the1878 Factory Act explained an industry as any environment where equipment are used in processing materials. Moreover, in 1842 Miners Act was passed which prohibited females and children below the aged of ten from going underground to do mining work(Lambert, 2008). At the middle of 1860s the ten hour shift a day was very normal, but not worldwide. In sweated industries for instance manufacturing of matchboxes and fasten and individuals were getting more wages for ever single they completed many were working from their residence and usually worked from sunrise till sundown to make ends meet. All the same in 1871 bank holidays were formed and In the 1870s a number of professional employees were assigned an annual seven day vacation with pay. (Although it was not until 1939 that everybody had annual paid holidays) but in 1890s it was general for most individuals to have the weekends to rest especially Saturday afternoon(Lambert, 2008). Trade Unions in the 19th Century Between the 1799 and 1800 the regime conceded the Combination Acts, which prohibited men from doing more than two jobs so as to make more earnings but in 1824, the combination acts were abolished but it was still not certain whether trade unions were officially authorized to make laws and was not until 1871 that trade unions were certainly made lawful. Moreover, In the 1850s and 1860s qualified employees created temperate trade unions named New Model Unions which employees had to make donations towards the union and in turned received illness and job loss benefits and the New Model Unions were devoted and regarded as highly professionals who tried to consult instead of thump it was not until 1868 when TUC was established (Lambert, 2008).. Moreover, in the late 19th century unqualified employees started to structure an influential trade union and in 1888 one Annie Besant tried to arrange a thump between females who toiled in Bryant and May industries to produce matches the reason was that the girls were getting low wages from working with them and experienced a sickness named phossy jaw which comes as a result of operating with phosphorous. The strike went well and the companies were asked to increase their wages and in 1889 the girls created a trade union to protect their rights at work (Lambert, 2008). Meanwhile In March 1889 individuals working for Gas companies and common Labourers also created a union whiles on the 14th August 1889 employees from the Great London Dock also had an achievable thump for five weeks for increase in pay (Lambert, 2008) Professional employees occupied in through addresses, as the name implies it means one can stroll through them from front to back. Meanwhile in the 1840s town councils started to make enforcements on houses. Cellar houses were prohibited and the style back-to-backs could not be constructed anymore but it was not viable to destroy and restore them all at ago. It took many years and many were still occupying in back-to-backs in the 20th century (Lambert, 2008; Burnett, 1978). Still at the beginning of the 19th century toilets were usually cesspits, which were not regularly drained and from time to time spilled over while urine could leak through the floor into holes from which individuals got drinking water. This led to the spread of contagious illness such as cholera in many cities in the1831-32, 1848-49, 1854 and 1865-66 and in 1848 a Public Health Act was imposed. The act made it obligatory to structure local Boards of Health in towns and where the annual mortality rate will surpass 23 per 1,000 or if 10% of the population wanted it. Local Boards of Health could claim that all new homes get waste pipes and toilets. They would also arrange a water supply, street cleaning and waste collection. And In 1875 a Public Health Act was reinforced over the old acts where every local authority were asked to nominate Medical Officers of Health who would be responsible for taking legal action over individuals who sold polluted food or drink which was unclean to be utilized by individuals and local councils were made compulsory to offer waste collection (Lambert, 2008). Town councils started to make public parks available and a lot were approved by-laws, which set down the least standards for new homes. However in the 1860s and 1870s sewers were dug in many big towns and In the 1870s water supplies were installed in many towns which led to much better and hygienic environment at the later part of the 19th century than earlier stage whiles in 1875 the Artisans Dwellings Act was conceded, which enabled councils the right to destroy poor areas but authorization to destroy huge range poor areas could not start until the 20th century. (Lambert, 2008) Also in the middle of the 19th century the standard of living grew up. And by and by homes developed bigger. And In the end of the   19th century two-up, two-downs were frequently seen that is homes with double bedrooms with a kitchen and front room and   most professional workers   occupied in addresses with three bedrooms. Meanwhile at the later part of the 19th century very few poor households were still occupying in only a single room (Lambert, 2008) The Poor Law In 1792 well known magistrates met at Speenhamland in Berkshire and formulated a scheme for helping the poor. Minimum salaries were added to cash heaved by a poor charge. Several neighbourhoods of England implemented the scheme but it beard out to be very costly and the government however determined to make some amendments. In 1834 the Poor Law Amendment Act was conceded. In future the poor were to be handled as unkindly as possible to discourage them from getting aid from the country. In future able bodied people with no income were to be forced to enter a workhouse. (In practice some of the elected Boards of Guardians sometimes gave the unemployed outdoor relief i.e. they were given money and allowed to live in their own homes). For the unfortunate people made to enter workhouses life was made as unpleasant as possible. Married couples were separated and children over 7 were separated from their parents. The inmates were made to do hard work like breaking stones to make roads or breaking bones to make fertiliser. The poor called the new workhouses bastilles (after the infamous prison in Paris) and they caused much bitterness. However as the century went on the workhouses gradually became more humanitarian (Lambert, 2008). REFERNCES Ashforth, D., Digby, A., Duke, F., Flinn, W.M., Fraser, D., McCord, N., Paterson, A., Rose, E.M. (1976) the new poor Law in the Nineteenth Century Macmillan: London Baggott, R. (1998) Health and Health care in Britain (2nd Ed) Macmillan: Basingstoke Burnett, J. (1978) a Social History of Housing 1815-1970 David and Charles: Vermont Englander, D. (1998) Poverty and poor Law Reform in 19th Century Britain, 1834-1914 From Chadwick to Booth Longman: London Ineichen, B. (1993) Homes and Health: How Housing and health interact Chapman hall: London Lambert, T (2008) England in the 19th Century www.localhistories.org/19thcentengland.html(accessed 23.03.11) Orme, J. Powell, J. Taylor, P. Harrison, T. and Grey, M. (2003) Public Health for the 21st Century: New Perspectives on policy, participation and practice Open University press: London Rose, E.M. (1982) Studies in Economic and Social History: The Relief of poverty 1834-1914 Macmillan: London Townsend, P. (1974) the Concept of Poverty Heinemann: London

Margaret Beaufort Facts and Timeline

Margaret Beaufort Facts and Timeline Also see: Margaret Beaufort Biography   Margaret Beaufort Facts Known for:  founder of the (British royal) Tudor dynasty through her support for her son’s claim to the throneDates:  May 31, 1443 – June 29, 1509 (some sources give 1441 as birth year) Background, Family: Mother: Margaret Beauchamp, an heiress. Her father was John Beauchamp, and her first husband was Oliver St. John.Father: John Beaufort, earl of Somerset (1404 – 1444). His mother was Margaret Holland and his father was John Beaufort, first earl of Somerset.Siblings: Margaret Beaufort had no full siblings. Her mother had six children with her first husband, Oliver St. John Margaret’s mother, Margaret Beauchamp, was an heiress whose maternal ancestors included Henry III and his son, Edmund Crouchback.   Her father was a grandson of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, who was a son of Edward III, and of John’s mistress-turned-wife, Katherine Swynford. After John married Katherine, he had their children, given the patronym Beaufort, legitimized through a papal bull and royal patent.   The patent (but not the bull) specified that the Beauforts and their descendants were excluded from the royal succession. Margaret’s paternal grandmother, Margaret Holland, was an heiress; Edward I was her  paternal ancestor and Henry III her  maternal ancestor. In the wars of succession known as the Wars of the Roses, the York party and the Lancaster party were not completely separate family lines; they were much interconnected by family relationships.   Margaret, though aligned with the Lancaster cause, was the second cousin of both Edward IV and Richard III; the mother of those two York kings,  Cecily Neville  was the daughter of  Joan Beaufort  who was the daughter of John of Gaunt and  Katherine Swynford. In other words, Joan Beaufort was the sister of Margaret Beauforts grandfather, John Beaufort. Marriage, Children: Contracted marriage with: John de la Pole (1450; dissolved 1453). His father, William de la Pole, was Margaret Beaufort’s guardian. John’s mother, Alice Chaucer, was the granddaughter of the writer Geoffrey Chaucer and his wife, Philippa, who was the sister of Katherine Swynford.   Thus, he was a third cousin of Margaret Beaufort.Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond (married 1455, died 1456). His mother was Catherine of Valois, daughter of King Charles VI of France and widow of Henry V. She married Owen Tudor after Henry V died.   Edmund Tudor was thus a maternal half-brother of Henry VI; Henry VI was also a descendant of John of Gaunt, by his first wife, Blanche of Lancaster.Son: Henry Tudor, born January 28, 1457Henry Stafford (married 1461, died 1471).   Henry Stafford was her second cousin; his grandmother, Joan Beaufort, was also a child of John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford.   Henry was a first cousin of Edward IV.Thomas Stanley, Lord Stanley, later Earl of De rby (married 1472, died 1504) Timeline Note: many details have been left off.   See: Margaret Beaufort biography 1443 Margaret Beaufort born 1444 Father, John Beaufort, died 1450 Marriage contract with John de la Pole 1453 Marriage to Edmund Tudor 1456 Edmund Tudor died 1457 Henry Tudor born 1461 Marriage to Henry Stafford 1461 Edward IV took crown from Henry VI 1462 Guardianship of Henry Tudor given to a Yorkist supporter 1470 Rebellion against Edward IV put Henry VI back on throne 1471 Edward IV again became king, Henry VI and his son both killed 1471 Henry Stafford died of wounds suffered in battle on behalf of the Yorkists 1471 Henry Tudor flees, went to live in Brittany 1472 Married to Thomas Stanley 1482 Margarets mother, Margaret Beauchamp, died 1483 Edward IV died, Richard III became king after imprisoning Edwards two sons 1485 Defeat of Richard III by Henry Tudor, who became King Henry VII October 1485 Henry VII crowned January 1486 Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville September 1486 Prince Arthur born to Elizabeth of York and Henry VII, Margaret Beauforts first grandchild 1487 Coronation of Elizabeth of York 1489 Princess Margaret born, named for Margaret Beaufort 1491 Prince Henry (future Henry VIII born) 1496 Princess Mary born 1499 1506 Margaret Beaufort made her home at Collyweston, Northamptonshire 1501 Arthur married Catherine of Aragon 1502 Arthur died 1503 Elizabeth of York died 1503 Margaret Tudor married James IV of Scotland 1504 Thomas Stanley died 1505 1509 Gifts to create Christs College at Cambridge 1509 Henry VII died, Henry VIII became king 1509 Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon coronation 1509 Margaret Beaufort died Next:  Margaret Beaufort Biography

The Theory of Utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Theory of Utilitarianism - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the actions of Cooper meet utilitarianism by the fact that the outcome of his actions benefits both himself and others. His liver donation helps the family of those who are in need of the organ and brings joy to that family. Cooper’s actions also make him and his family happy for the act of saving another person’s life through considering their previous experience. Furthermore, everybody who knows him acknowledges his action as the right thing. Our actions according to utilitarianism should emulate Cooper’s in ensuring benefits to the majority and not a single individual. In our daily actions and decision, we should consider benefits to others and not personal gains. Cooper does this and goes far enough to ensure that he saves the life an anonymous individual and feel right while risking his own. However, act like that of Cooper is too extreme in risking personal life while there are many other options that can benefit the majority. Co oper and his family passed through fear of all the risks before and during the surgery.

Mentoring Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mentoring - Assignment Example Mentors help people to solve their problems at work and out of the office as well. Being capable to manage their life, people feel empowered to do more than they usually do. As a result, they show greater performance and experience fewer difficulties while copying with new tasks or carrying greater responsibility than they used to have. Mentors use their personal example to show that their interventions work perfectly well for them in their life. For instance, if a friend gives a piece of advice, it does not mean that this friend acts the way she or she advices in real life. Everything is different with mentors because they believe in what they say and act accordingly. Usually, such examples are very inspiring because if someone can handle everything, other people can also life effectively. Climate of trust is very important for mentor-mentee relationships because only in this way mentors can effectively help their clients to succeed. In order to create relationships of trust, mentors should be understanding and show positive attitude to the mentee. Also, mentors need to share information with their mentees; they need to provide their personal information as well in exchange for their same information about their mentee. In order to work effectively together, mentor and mentee need to facilitate agenda and define long-term and short-term goals they need to set during their sessions. This agenda is necessary because it directs work and makes it clear why certain things need to be done. Set goals and solve problems is possible only when people share information about their past and present. Some problems appeared to have place in the past and their consequences can negatively influence mentees life. On the other hand, mentor can understand mentee better if she or she knows the background of this person. Obviously from the title, traditional one-to-one mentoring is the most frequently met mentoring model. It is

The Lost City Essay Example for Free

The Lost City Essay â€Å"The Lost City† is a movie which tackles the situation of Cuba during the time of the pre-revolution up to the time of Fidel Castro. The setting is in Havana in the year 1958, and the story is about Fico Fellove, the main character portrayed by Andy Garcia. Fico is the owner of the night club called El Tropico, which is known to be one of the classiest clubs in Havana at that time. This presentation of Havana depicted the economic and social status enjoyed by the Cubans before the outbreak of the revolution. Cuba then was one of the more advanced countries in Latin America with a low mortality rate, and high literacy rate. Being a small country with a relatively small population, Cuba was one of the most highly-educated races in the region with a rich gold reserve and abundant natural resources. Everything looked promising for the country until the rebels slowly gained more and more adherents because of the dictatorship led by Fulgencio Batista, the president of Cuba during the said year. Fico’s club is doing well at the beginning of the movie, and everything seems to be peaceful and harmonious. At Sunday dinners, Fico’s family would all gather at their family house to spend time to bond together and catch up on each other’s lives. During this Sunday dinner, however, tension would rise as one of Fico’s brothers, Ricardo, would bring up the idea of revolution as a response to the increasing political unrest in Cuba. Ricardo believed in the revolutionary ideology and becomes part of the rebels who would go against the government forces. Another brother, Luis, is randomly arrested for publicizing anti-government sentiments. Meanwhile, Fico still tried to remain as neutral as possible. The aforementioned situations are reflective of Cuba’s situation immediately before the revolution. The arrests were made in an effort to quell civilian unrest or possibly to strike fear on those who are contemplating on following the rebel ideology. Social and economic conditions declined as a result of these uprisings as the political instability in the country continued to worsen. Soon, however, Fulgencio Batista realizes that his government’s future was bleak so he says goodbye to Cuba and flees to the Dominican Republic leaving the country in turmoil. On the second week of 1959, Fidel Castro assumes the presidency and another dictatorship ascends to power. Both events – the fleeing of Batista and the assumption of Castro are shown in the movie. Luis is killed by pro-Batista forces. Aurora, the wife of Luis, finds a shoulder-to-cry-on in Fico, and eventually, they fall in love. On the other hand, Ricardo moves on to become one of the high-ranking leaders of Fidel de Castro. The new dictatorship under Castro is more eager to assume power and control over the economy so they grab lands, businesses and property in the guise of saying that it was for the government, which actually took place and is manifested in Cuba’s historical records. Fico’s club is slowly taken control of and the tobacco farm of their uncle is taken by force by no less than Ricardo himself. His uncle tries to assert his rights over his land and dies as a result of his anger against Ricardo. Ricardo goes to his uncle’s funeral rites, gets a reprimand from every member of the family, is labeled a â€Å"disgrace† by his father and eventually commits suicide. With the increasing tension in Cuba, Fico’s father suggests that he (Fico) should leave immediately before it was too late, since their family had already seen too much loss. With much hesitation, Fico agrees to his father’s suggestion and he goes to the U. S. to seek refuge. Fico leaves a ticket for Aurora, but she does not show up at the airport. At first, Fico gets employed as a dishwasher at a club, then later on as the pianist. Aurora finally shows up in the US when Fico is already regaining his self-worth and enjoying his freedom. It is only when he is called upon by Meyer Lansky (Dustin Hoffman) to operate the â€Å"Fico’s El Tropico† club in New York that Fico truly recovers the happiness he thought he had already lost. The situation in Cuba has not changed much after Castro became the country’s leader and has remained almost the same since then. Education and healthcare have become government priorities but the curtailment of people’s freedom of expression as well as the harassment of anti-government proponents still persists. The country is still under a socialist government, or adheres to communism and it continues to maintain anti-U. S. sentiments as a result of Castro’s predominant leanings. As a whole, the movie â€Å"The Lost City† captured the overall scenario of the Cuban situation during the period tackled. It is a movie which is worth watching because it accurately represents the revolution and its possible effects on a specific family, in this case, the Fellove family. It also tackles the theme of love and how it can succeed despite all odds. Notes

Fishing in the North Atlantic Essay -- Environment Fish Industry Essay

Fishing in the North Atlantic Abstract Ocean fishes have been consumed by humans beyond their maximum sustainable yields for years and the Atlantic cod and squid are two examples. Cods were primarily overfished to commercial extinction. Other variables were also examined to see if they contribute to the declining population. Water temperature was the natural phenomenon that may be responsible for poor egg hatching. Human causes such as increased UV radiation from depleted ozone and bottom trawling disturbance were considered. Trawling disturbance had the worst effect while the other factors were questionable. As the cod vanished, the commercial fisher turned to squid to continue their way of life. Government policy and economics had a great deal to do with the continuing overfishing pattern of wiping out one species and then turn to another. In the end, there is no real solution which accommodates both ecology and unchanged societal uses at the same time. Introduction It was believed that 500 years ago, Irish settlers went to Newfoundland not for the religious freedom there, but the fertile fish banks near the shore(Pollack, 1995). This was all but history now. The overfishing crisis took on headlines back in the early 1990s. The fish pack waters in the north Atlantic were rapidly removed for profit until the fish population was decimated. The current seafood production and human dependence upon it are enormous. In many third world countries, seafoods are the primary source of protein for human consumption. According to the offical website of the Commerce Department's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the seafood consumption in the U.S. remained steady with Americans consuming 3.90 billion pounds ... ...6-21. Safina, C. 1995. The World’s Imperiled Fish. Scientific American 273(5):46-53. Schneider, D.C. David A. Methven, and Edgar L. Dalley. 1997. Geographic Contraction in Juvenile Fish: A Test with Northern Cod (Gadus morhua) at Low Abundance. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54(suppl. 1):187-199. Smith, S J; and S. Gavaris. 1993. Improving the Precision of Abundance Estimates of Eastern Scotian Shelf Atlantic Cod from Bottom Trawl Surveys. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 13(1):35-47. Stephenson, Robert, and Daniel E. Lane. 1995. Fisheries Management Science: A Plea for Conceptual Change. Canadian Journal of Aquatic Science 52:2051-2056. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition. 1992. Houghton Mifflin Company. Published on Microsoft Bookshelf ’94 CD-ROM, 1994. Microsoft Corporation.

The Influence of Michael Jordan in the World of Sports

When someone says the name Michael Jordan, the first thing that might come to mind is basketball, Nike shoes, or Wheaties. Through the years Michael Jordan has proved time and time again that he is the greatest basketball player ever and by doing that he has gained tremendous popularity throughout the world. People of all ages and from all nationalities have gathered to watch him play. â€Å"Even your Aunt Matilda, who might not know anything about basketball, liked watching him play,† said Daniel. He has become more than just an entertainer, he is a hero and a role model. It has been said â€Å"He†s the most famous American in the World† (Daniel.) After winning his sixth National Basketball Association Championship, Michael Jordan has decided to walk away from the world of basketball for the second time in his life. Why would the greatest player to ever play the game leave at the highest point of his career? He claims the sport is no longer a challenge to him. After his many awards, trophies and titles this is not hard to comprehend. At this time in his life, Jordan wants to devote all of his time to his friends and family. Now that he has left the world of basketball a great void has been left. Many questions have rose as to what is going to happen now that he†s gone. What will happen with the NBA? What will happen to the Chicago Bulls dynasty? Who will be the next Michael Jordan? Could there ever be another Michael Jordan? The first thing any sane person would ask is how could Jordan leave basketball and walk away from all of that money? Last year he was the highest paid basketball player in NBA history. But in dollar terms, Jordan was even more successful as a corporate spokesman, which earned him $45 million in 1998, than he was on the basketball court in which he earned $35 million. (Peyser.) Jordan currently does endorsements for thirteen companies. Out of all the companies, Nike pays the most for his endorsements at $16 million per year. Jordan is by far the best endorser out there in the market. Many of the celebrities can†t compare to Jordan. â€Å"He†s handsome, articulate, classy. He had purity to his performance on court and off. It†s hard to find the perfect celebrity these days,† said Peyser. With such slogans as â€Å"Be Like Mike† and â€Å"It†s gotta be the shoes,† companies have attempted to make consumers believe that if they buy their products they too can be as great as Michael Jordan. Now that Jordan has left the NBA, many are speculating on how well his endorsements will do. Experts say that a retired athlete – even Jordan – can†t compete with a guy who†s still winning championships. With the sports-marketing business already in a slump, there may be no heirs to â€Å"Air Jordan† (Peyser.) Even though Jordan has left the basketball court, he†s not going to leave Hollywood anytime soon. There are plans being made to have Jordan star in at least two films but this time he will be acting with a real cast as apposed to the cartoon cast he starred with in Space Jam. â€Å"He should play a character like James Bond,† suggests movie critic Gene Siskel, a rabid Bulls fan. â€Å"I†d pay to see him before Pierce Brosnan any day, wouldn†t you?† Michael Jordan has made a huge impact on the NBA. â€Å"He has won six NBA championships in the last eight years, ten scoring titles, enough Most Valuable Player awards to stock his own wing at the Hall of Fame,† said Tresniowski. He is by far the greatest player to ever play the game. Many believe the NBA would not be where it is without him and now that he†s gone many can†t imagine basketball without him. Everyone is wondering, if there ever be another Michael Jordan. The chance of someone accomplishing the same great feats as Jordan is nearly impossible in today†s NBA. But that doesn†t mean it won†t happen. When Julius Erving left the league many people were asking the same questions. Will there ever be another Dr. J.? Jordan came along, and the rest is history. Ever since the baseball strike the NBA has tremendously gained in popularity, at one time many Americans where questioning, should basketball be the nation†s new past time? Lately, this attitude towards baseball has changed. Mark McGuire and Sammy Sosa have brought the life back to baseball with the breaking of the home run record. With the NBA labor lockout that has canceled most of this season and now that Jordan has left the future of the NBA is yet to be determined. The outlook doesn†t look good. With fear of a season cancellation due to bickering over money, many fans have turned away from NBA basketball in disgust. The NBA†s image has become tarnished. Today†s NBA is nothing like how it was when Jordan came into the league. There is a new breed of players out there. Instead of the rising stars attending college, they are making the jump from high school straight to the NBA. Kobe Bryant is a prime example of this. The major difference between the stars of today and the superstars of yesterday is that many of today†s stars don†t even earn the right to be called stars. Glenn Robinson, now of the Milwaukee Bucks, was asking for a $100 million contract when he came out of Purdue, yet today he is barely worth $1 million. â€Å"You don†t ever want to say ‘never†,† Starr says, â€Å"but I don†t think the NBA will ever again attain the glory it did with Michael.† Even though Jordan was great, we cannot forget about his supporting cast. Without the team to back him up, Jordan would not have been able to accomplish half of what he has done. The Chicago Bulls have been labeled the Team of the 90†³s. No other team since the Boston Celtics has been able to win more than three championships in a row, but the Bulls have done it twice in the past eight years. They probably could have been champions for at least two more years if the team would have stayed healthy and intact. By far, the Chicago Bulls have been hit the hardest with Jordan†s Retirement. The cause of the breakup of possibly the greatest team ever was rumored to be caused by clashes between the players and Bulls management. The breakup started when management wouldn†t pay Phil Jackson what he deserved after bringing six NBA championships to the Bulls. Rather than coach another team, Jackson decided to retire to practice Zen Buddhism fulltime. When Jackson left, Jordan said he wouldn†t play for a new coach. After Jordan left, basketball great, Scottie Pippen was traded to the Houston Rockets. Only four players of last year†s team still remain on the Chicago Bulls roster for this season. Many have made the prediction that the Bulls will lose more games in this shortened season than they did all last year (Stein.) Rebuilding the Chicago Bulls may turn out to be one of the biggest mistakes ever made by the Bulls organization. There will no longer be sell-out crowds every night, sales from Chicago Bulls merchandise will take a nose dive, and all the Fair Weather Fans† will move on to another team. It could take years and millions of dollars before the Bulls will even be able to compete for another title. Many wonder if Jordan will come back to the NBA, after all he did come back before. In 1993, after winning his first three championships, Jordan announced his retirement. He felt he had nothing left to prove and he wanted to try his luck in major league baseball. When his short-lived career in the minor leagues didn†t work out he decided to return to the NBA, (Greene.) While, competition is what Jordan thrives on. It has had both a positive and a negative effect on his life. Jordan being the very competitive person that he is, got in trouble when he was rumored to have a gambling addiction. Many feared that he might have been gambling on NBA games. However, all allegations of illegally betting on NBA games were false and with time Jordan†s image was rebuilt, (Greene.) The chances of Jordan coming back to the NBA are very good. However, if he comes back it won†t be as a player, his new role would be coach. This time he doesn†t have a team to come back to. He is certainly not going to come back to the Bulls and wait for them to rebuild. Jordan will probably always be remembered as the greatest. It will be a long time before anyone can accomplish half of what he has done. As far as the current NBA cast, the experts can†t see anyone replacing him for a long time. Not only does it take the skills but it also requires a certain set of values to become a role model. Many stars of the NBA lack both of these qualities. But somewhere out there is a young child with dreams of becoming the next Michael Jordan. He is on every playground all around the world. He has the endless desire to make something out of himself. Basketball could be his only chance out of the current situation that he is in, and it is only a matter of time before he will have his big break, (Starr.) Some might think it†s hard to imagine the effects that one man can have on the game of basketball, but when you look at our society and how much we tend to focus on athletes in the sports world it†s really not that hard at all. Michael Jordan played more than the role of a basketball player. He was a hero, a product endorser, and a corner stone in a major corporation, and to the teams that he beat night after night, an enemy. Now that he is gone from the game no one really knows what will happen all anyone can do is speculate. Even though he has left the basketball court, chances are he won†t be leaving your TV quite that soon. The people that will miss him the most are his former teammates and the die-hard fans that loved to watch him night after night. The Chicago Bulls may never reach the greatness that they once achieved but they will always have the memories. It†s hard to tell who will take Jordan†s place, it could be safe to say that no one will ever be able to, but that doesn†t mean there won†t be anyone better than Jordan. Only time will tell. The die-hard Chicago Bulls fans will always hold a special place in their heart for Michael Jordan. They will tell their sons and daughters about him, they will get out the old VHS tapes of games that they have recorded and they will pass along the Basketball cards that will be worth hundreds of dollars. Those of us who have seen him play will always remember him and what he has done for the game of basketball. For those who haven†t, you will have to settle for the endless highlight reels and Nike commercials to keep his memory alive.

Health And Social Care Assignment Essay

Below is a free essay on â€Å"Nvq 3 Health and Social Care Assignment 306 C† from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. Moving and Handling Moving and handling is the core part of the day for most employees in the social care setting, legislation, policies and procedures that relate to moving and handling help to keep us safe. Legislation Manual Handling Regulations 1992 These regulations define that employers are required to avoid the need for manual handling so far as is reasonably practicable, assess the risk of injury from manual handling and reduce these risks. The employees have a duty to follow instructions, systems and use equipment that relate to safe manual handling. see more:storing information in health and social care Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER) 1998 These regulations require that equipment is suitable and safe for its intended use with regular inspections and maintenance. Only used by persons that have received adequate information, instruction and training. All equipment to be supplied with appropriate protective devices, markings and warnings Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER) 1998 These regulations require employers to ensure that equipment for the purpose of lifting is strong, stable, positioned and used safely to minimise risks. Employers also have a duty to carry out regular inspections of all lifting equipment to ensure it meets with the regulations. Safety first Not following the correct procedures for manual handling is the one of the most common causes of injuries in the workplace. By following instructions and information given during training, assessing the situation to identify any potential hazards and taking precautions to limit these, the risks of injuring yourself or others during a manual handling operation are greatly reduced. Lifting someone incorrectly can cause serious back injuries resulting in time off work, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) account for over a third of workplace injuries. The individual being manually handled  can sustain injuries or harm from procedures not being followed with regards to the regulations†¦

Free Essays on Culture

American culture is many things. It is what we were, have been and will be. There are many things that make up the definition of culture. Shared learning, ideas and values are just a few examples of what American culture is. Where a persons identity lies is based on the geographical surroundings of that individual. American Indian culture originated in the Southwest. In early Texas history The Caddo Indians lived in what is present day Collin County. They came for water as well as fertile land. The nomadic and aggressive Comanche Indians roamed and raided The Caddo settlers and the English settlers. The last known fight among settlers and Indians happened along what is known in the Allen area as Rowlett Creek. A lot of settlers began to move and settle in the Collin County area and push the Comanche as well as the Caddo westward. The city that is now Allen was part of the Republic Texas Land Grant The city was part of what was known as Peters Colony. The county grew until 1861 when Texas supported the Confederacy. I am from Allen, Texas so when I learned of the history of Allen as well as Collin County, I was very interested in the information. Many of the settlers had fought against Mexico in order to be free from Mexico. Many Mexican Americans moved to the United states until the treaty of Guadeloupe. Many of the Mexicans moved to New Mexico, Arizona, California, Mexico, and Nevada. When Mexico succeeded their territory, they automatically became citizens. Also, take in to account that several Germans came into the United States most of these immigrants settled in Pennsylvania. Many Irish began to move here, as well as Italians and Jews. The Filipinos as well as the Chinese and Japanese also came over. In earlier times in the United States many men and women from Africa were being brought over from their home and sold to White male land owners beginning in the 1620’s. The A... Free Essays on Culture Free Essays on Culture American culture is many things. It is what we were, have been and will be. There are many things that make up the definition of culture. Shared learning, ideas and values are just a few examples of what American culture is. Where a persons identity lies is based on the geographical surroundings of that individual. American Indian culture originated in the Southwest. In early Texas history The Caddo Indians lived in what is present day Collin County. They came for water as well as fertile land. The nomadic and aggressive Comanche Indians roamed and raided The Caddo settlers and the English settlers. The last known fight among settlers and Indians happened along what is known in the Allen area as Rowlett Creek. A lot of settlers began to move and settle in the Collin County area and push the Comanche as well as the Caddo westward. The city that is now Allen was part of the Republic Texas Land Grant The city was part of what was known as Peters Colony. The county grew until 1861 when Texas supported the Confederacy. I am from Allen, Texas so when I learned of the history of Allen as well as Collin County, I was very interested in the information. Many of the settlers had fought against Mexico in order to be free from Mexico. Many Mexican Americans moved to the United states until the treaty of Guadeloupe. Many of the Mexicans moved to New Mexico, Arizona, California, Mexico, and Nevada. When Mexico succeeded their territory, they automatically became citizens. Also, take in to account that several Germans came into the United States most of these immigrants settled in Pennsylvania. Many Irish began to move here, as well as Italians and Jews. The Filipinos as well as the Chinese and Japanese also came over. In earlier times in the United States many men and women from Africa were being brought over from their home and sold to White male land owners beginning in the 1620’s. The A...

How Does AP Credit Work at Colleges

How Does AP Credit Work at Colleges SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Whether you already have five AP classes under your belt, or if you’re just considering whether to take AP classes at all, you may be wondering how exactly getting AP college credit works. This article will go over how different colleges grant credit for AP, and what you can do to maximize the amount of AP credit you earn. We will explore some different ways colleges grant AP credit, using specific universities as case studies. Possibility 1: AP Courses Grant Credit for Real College Classes The first way your AP credits could be used is to directly substitute for actual college classes. In this case, instead of taking, say, Chemistry 101, your 4 on AP Chemistry will count for that beginning course. So you’ll get the credit hours for taking the class – even though you took it back in high school! Plus you will be able to enroll in a more difficult course right off the bat. To see what this can look at, let’s look at my local state school, the University of Utah. They accept AP credit for many courses. Case Study: University of Utah AP exams – often with a score of 3 or higher – are enough to grant you credit hours for general education classes at the U of U and also place you into higher level courses. General Education at the University of Utah means any courses that fall in the following categories: Fine Arts, Quantitative Reasoning, Science, Social Science, Humanities, Fine Arts, or American Institutions. If you managed to have an AP class for each one of these general ed requirements, you could skip each one. Since the General Education requirements are designed to fill up the first year, skipping them would make it possible to graduate the University of Utah in just two or three years, depending on what you major in. (A degree in engineering will probably take longer than one in history, for example.) You couldn’t apply, say, both AP English Literature and AP English Language, since they waive the same requirement, but if you submit AP English Literature and AP Calculus AB you would fulfill two different requirements. While these Gen Ed requirements aren’t the same at every university, most universities have some variation of them – at the very least they'll require a course each in humanities, social science, science, and math. This is why taking a variety of AP classes can be helpful if you’re aiming to complete your generals in high school. Also, notice that at the U of U, you can often get more credit hours for 5’s than 3’s and 4s. So even at universities that accept 3s, there are still perks to earning 5s. Possibility 2: AP Courses Don't Get Credit, but Allow You to Skip Intro Courses There are some schools – particularly competitive ones – that don’t give you credit for AP classes. While they will use high scores to place you into higher-level classes freshman year, they won’t give you credit towards graduation. We'll take a look at Dartmouth College to see what this can look like. Case Study: Dartmouth One such school is Dartmouth. You can actually read a statement about their policy on AP credit here. To summarize, Dartmouth will use AP classes to place students in higher-level classes, but not for credit towards graduation. They revised their AP policy because they want students to take full advantage of Dartmouth courses and they’re worried AP courses aren’t true replacements for college level classes. So how does the credit work? To take an example, if you get a 5 on AP Micro Economics, you will be placed in an intermediate or advanced economics course right off the bat, but you won’t receive any credit for AP Micro itself. This can still be helpful if you’re excited to jump into higher classes or want to fit in a minor or double major. You can also be exempted from the foreign language requirement if you score high on an AP language test. So while AP courses won't get you credit at Dartmouth, they are still worthwhile since they will allow you to skip introductory courses. Possibility 3: A Mix of Both Some schools have a mix of both policies. In particular, some departments (say the history department or math department) might accept AP credit to place students in classes. But the school as a whole might have a policy on AP you can choose to take advantage of – for example Harvard’s advanced standing program. Case Study: Harvard So what is advanced standing?Think of it as skipping straight to sophomore year when you start college at Harvard. You can apply for it using your AP credits, and graduate in six or seven semesters instead of eight. You could also just use your AP credits to get into higher-level classes in particular departments or get out of the foreign language requirement, but not apply for advanced standing if you want to stay all four years. So should you apply for advanced standing? Harvard’s website has a lengthy discussion of why or why not a student may apply for it. Some students may prefer to take four years at Harvard undergrad so they don't have to decide their course of study too soon. Taking the full four years gives you more chances to try out classes in various departments. Others may take advantage of advanced standing to earn a masters within four years. In short, if you're lucky enough to go to Harvard, you can decide whether you want to use your AP credits to graduate faster, or if you would rather take four years of undergraduate classes to explore different interests. In either case, you can also use your AP credits to skip introductory courses in various departments. Sending Your Scores Before you can get any AP credit, after you graduate but before you start at your college, you have to send an official AP score report from College Board. While you self-report your AP scores on your college applications, you can only cash in on your AP credits by sending an official score report. This gives the official record of your scores to the registrar’s office. (Think of the registrar as the guidance counseling office of college.) Once the registrar has those scores, they can apply them to pre-requisite, general education, or other departmental requirements as the case may be at your college. Look out for our post on how to send AP scores to colleges if you want a more complete guide. Next Steps If you’re still in high school and wondering how AP credit will work for you, look up the policies at some of your top choices as well as your safeties. Start with College Board’s AP credit database, but also double check college websites to see what they say about AP credit. The database should provide a link to each college’s individual policy, but if not, search â€Å"[Name of College/University] Advanced Placement†. By looking up policies, you can get a sense of how the AP credits you have already earned will translate into college credit. This can also help you choose AP classes for future years. Take notice of AP exams that seem to be recognized at most of the schools you’re interested in. In many cases, AP math courses, particularly Calculus BC, can waive a math requirement or get you into higher level math classes. AP language courses are also often accepted as a way to waive a foreign language requirement. Also notice how high your passing score needs to be (for example, at the U of U, a 3 was fine for many classes, but Harvard only accepts 5s). If most of your schools require 5s to get credit, you have to study very hard! Also look and see if any AP classes you’re thinking about aren’t recognized in any way. Sometimes it can be harder to get credit for courses like Human Geography or Art History. This doesn’t mean to not take them. It does mean that you should only take them if you are really interested in the subject and would get a lot out of the class. What’s Next? How many AP classes should you take, anyway? Get an answer to that question here. AP classes aren’t the only thing that will get you into college – far from it. Your ACT/SAT score is a huge part of your application. Read about the ACT/SAT scores you need to be competitive at your top schools. Not sure when you should take the ACT/SAT for the first time? Find out here. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Movie analysis of Bonnie and Clyde (1967) Essay

Movie analysis of Bonnie and Clyde (1967) - Essay Example In the movie, several filming techniques became exemplified for the success of its production. This report seeks to give an analysis and a review of the film â€Å"Bonnie and Clyde† (1967). It will also give an insight of the filming techniques adopted in the movie. Review Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker’s story inspired a debate. This represented a wide spectrum to most people because their characters trended from stealing, to robbery, to killing and committing crime! The film intended to give a romantic and a comic feeling of the violent gangster films. This couple became historical counterpart to their own struggles, To begin with, Bonnie was a waitress, she was so bored with her job. Clyde stole Bonnie’s mother’s car to try and search for quick money. They lived in Texas and decided to run away with the stolen car outside the town. The duo's crime spree gear up once they hooked up with a gas station attendant, C.W. Moss, then with Clyde's brother and hi s wife, a preacher's daughter and decided to go into robbing. The car was parked parallel to the getaway, within a twinkle of an eye Clyde shot the bank manager directly on the face, robbed the bank and sped off unknowingly. The gang found themselves in a hot pursuit by the law enforcement, which included the Texas Ranger. They finally locate Bonnie, Clyde and C.W. of whom they thought they had escaped, not long before, they were found hiding at the house of Ivan Moss. According to Richard Barsam, an author of â€Å"Looking at Movies† he mentions that the film was formally set in the past rather than the present. For most of us, most of the time, movies are a break from daily obligations; it is a form of escape, entertainment, and pleasure. The use of Motion pictures depicts a lot, coherently it shapes the way we view the world. Apparently, there is much more to movies than to meet the casual eye or ear, for that matter, they seem odd and aberrant to the general society (Bars am 146). Analysis Bonnie and Clyde are not only a well-crafted film by a first-time director it also touches on a number of fundamental cinematic elements. The film shows significant social and environmental issues vital to all Americans at the beginning of a new era. Hope, fear, hatred, dread, humor, guilt, and loathing became eminent in this film by using the best filming techniques bearing in mind significant elements concerning cinema. Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker are lead actors in the film. They play a crucial role by blending in with all the elements. This enables the viewer get the actual essence and better understanding of the film. Camera Movement This film brings about much-needed reform in a nation, but true reform will always require more than Hollywood can offer. Nevertheless, to minimize the power of the mass media to generate sympathy, concerns, and demands for reform are to ignore reality. For that reason alone, it is pertinent to note how the producer of this fil m used camera movement to depict a sense of realism in the film. The film has numerous action scenes and camera movement such as panning which is essential in bringing better acknowledgement of the film. A pan is the horizontal camera movement. When a camera pans, it turns left and right. Panning is normally for a very wide panorama that does not fit with the camera frame. In the first robbery scene of the film, a pan reveals the point of view of lead actors Warren Beatty (Clyde) and Faye Dunaway (Bonnie)

Property Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Property Law - Assignment Example In some cases, the courts are willing to specifically enforce contracts relating to land is that damages so awarded may not be adequate where the unique assets are concerned. Thus, awarding a specific performance relief is and remains as a discretionary remedy. Alternate deliberations may dictate that it should –exceptionally – be refused, particularly its award would generate severe adversity to the defendant, Virginia. Under UK laws, specific performance is an equitable relief granted through a discretionary order of the court that may compel the defaulting party to execute and complete the contract for the purchase or sale of a land.1 For instance, in Patel v Ali, a vendor’s health was spoiled immediately after the conclusion of the contract that an order of the specific performance was not made available2. In Lazard Bros and Co Ltd v. Fairfield Properties Co (Mayfair) Lt3d, it was held by the court that simple delay without possession of the property is not i tself an impediment to seek the relief of specific performance. In this case, a delay of two years was held to be a bar since the defendant had not been prejudiced by the delay4. Harley, Virginia’s brother can approach the court for granting relief under the â€Å"specific performance† provisions of the Transfer of Property Act 1882 of UK. In case , if Harley has not made the consideration for the purchase the property from Virginia within the time as stipulated in the agreement , then Virginia has every right to sell the property to another party by giving a notice of recession from the agreement to Harley. It is assumed that Virginia might have given such notice of the ground on which the agreement to sell has become not effective to Harley. Answer to B Jack claims that he has been grazing his animals in the paddock for the last 25 years. Courts will acknowledge evidence of a continuous use for at least twenty years as evidence that the grazing rights have been enjoy ed or used. Hence, it is essential to corroborate that the prolonged use of right of grazing for a minimum period of 20 years is essential. Courts will acknowledge evidence of a continuous use for at least twenty years as evidence that the grazing rights has been enjoyed or used and in such cases, the courts will presume that there was a grant5. In Neaverson v Peterborough RDC which dealt with grazing rights and the land owner in this case did not have any right to award any grazing privileges for cattle on the land in question ,but granted so, and those enjoying such privileges claimed easement rights under the cannons of lost modern grant. In this case, the plaintiffs failed as the land owner was not having any right to award such grazing rights. In this case, Virginia is the registered freehold proprietor of Silver House, which consists of a house and a fenced paddock. As the Jack is using the property for grazing for the last two decades and since Virginia is the registered owne r of the property, then it is presumed that Jack is grazing in Virginia’s property with the connivance and approval of Virginia. Hence, Papageno is under obligation to allow the Jack to graze his cattle in the Silver House property for the future period also. Answer to Question C Squatting is the scenario where a stranger occupies unauthorisedly any abandoned or empty property for which the squatter, may not have any right to own the same or as a tenant and without the valid authorisation from the owner of the house. The offense committed by the Toby by refusing to leave the Papageno’s property can be regarded as an offense under trespassing of a property. 6 Further, if Toby refuses to leave the Papageno’s property, then Papageno is eligible to become as a â€Å"