Taxation Dividend Interest Capital Income â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question Discuss About The Taxation Dividend Interest Capital Income? Answer: Introducation The above mention assets were sold by Eric last week in the following manner: antique vase: $3000; sound system $11000, painting for $1000; antique chair for $3000 and shares of the listed company for $20000. Further net capital gain or loss is to be ascertained for above transactions. Provisions and Regulations relating to capital gain According to Alpanda and Zubairy (2016), holding period plays the significant role in ascertaining the capital gain tax liability for an assessee. As per the provisions of Australian taxation; in case an asset is held for more than the period of twelve months than discounting or indexation method is applied for ascertaining capital gain profit or loss on sale of the asset. However, in case the asset is held for a period of fewer than twelve months than other method is applied for ascertaining capital gain or loss (AO, 2015). Computation of gain or loss in other method is ascertained by reducing purchase cost from selling price, and in case any loss arises than the same can be adjusted from a gain of other similar transactions. In the present case, as it has been specified that Eric has held assets for a period less than twelve months; thus computation of capital gain will be done in accordance with other method. As per Arnold, Bateman, Ferguson and Raftery (2014), calculation of capital gain or loss will be performed in the following manner: Antique Vase Gain = Selling price acquisition cost =$3000-$2000 =$1000 Antique Chair Gain = Selling price acquisition cost = $1000-$3000 = - $2000 Home sound system Gain = Selling price acquisition cost = $11000-$12000 = - $1000 Painting Gain = Selling price acquisition cost =$1000-$9000 = - $8000 Share of listed company Gain = Selling price acquisition cost = $20000 -$5000 = $15000 Total capital gain = $1000+ ($2000) + ($1000) + ($8000) + $15000 = $ 5000 Thus, from above calculation, it can be calculated that for above transaction net taxable amount of capital gain for Eric relating to specified transactions is $ 5000 (Bankman, Shaviro, Stark and Kleinbard, 2017). Facts of the case A three-year loan has been provided by the Brain as part of his remuneration package of amounting $ 1 million at a special interest rate of 1% per annum payable in instalments. The loan was provided in the year 2016. However, forty percent of the provided funds were applied for income-producing purposes and for accomplishing the obligation regarding interest payments. The provision relating to fringe benefits tax: In accordance with the specified provisions in case of a transaction relating to the loan, fringe benefit takes place in less interest or no interest in comparison to statutory rate has been charged by the lender. The taxable amount of fringe benefit is ascertained by the determining the difference between interest rate at which loan is provided and statutory rate of interest. The existing statutory rate has been specified below: Statutory Interest Rate for the year ended 31st March 2017 5.65% Statutory Interest Rate for the year ended 31st March 2016 5.65% In the present scenario, it has been specified that loan has been provided to brain @ 1%; however statutory rate for the same period is 5.75%. Thus, as the loan has been provided at an interest rate which is lower than existing statutory rate (Barkoczy, 2016); the difference will be taxable as a fringe benefit. Calculation of taxable amount Interest as per statutory rate - Actual interest payable * % of amount allocated for producing income = $1 million *5.75% - $ 1 million *1% *40% = ($ 56500 - $ 10000) *40% =$18600 Further, in case, the interest was paid at the year-end; then there would have been no change in the taxable amount of fringe benefit as the manner in which interest is paid (i.e. whether monthly or quarterly) does not have any effect on the taxable amount of fringe benefit (Barkoczy, 2017.). However, in case of bank releases the whole amount of tax liability than the whole interest would have been charged as a taxable fringe benefit. As per the words of Blakelock and King 2017, the reason behind this is that when no interest has been charged by the lender; no deduction is allowed. Jack and Jill who are husband and wife have borrowed money for purchasing a rental property as joint tenants. A written agreement has been signed by both of them and according to same Jack is entitled to 10% of the profits and Jill is entitled to 90% of profits. However, in case any loss jack will be entitled to all losses. Last year a loss of $ 10000 had occurred. The manner of allocating loss has to be ascertained for taxation purpose. Further, if the property is sold than the manner of determining a capital gain or capital loss is also required to be provided. Provisions and Regulations According to the words of Bloom, (2015), TR 93 /32 deals with transactions relating to rental property; the specified ruling explains the basis on whose accordance the division of net income or loss from rental property between co-owners is acceptable for income tax purposes. Further, the activities which are not considered as carrying business are also explained in this ruling. Income Tax Assessment Act specifies partnership as a group or association of person carrying on business as a partner of receiving income jointly but does not include the company. However, it is necessary to ascertain whether a partnership exists as a general law for the significance of taxation purpose (Tax Ruling TR 93/32). A decision was held in case of McDonalds case at ATR p 967, ATC p 4550 that no partnership existed as the agreement which was made for partnership entitled him to claim loss incurred in the business. The facts of the present case are similar to McDonald case in which taxpayer and his wife were legally and beneficially joint tenants. Further, it was provided that profits will be distributed in the ratio of 25: 75 and in case any loss occurs then the same will be borne by Mr McDonald (Braverman, Marsden and Sadiq, 2015). However, it was concluded by the court that loss and profits would be borne equally by both the partners for income tax purposes even though the partnership agreement states different ratio relating to the allocation of profit and loss. In present scenario the partnership agreement provides following profit and loss sharing ratios: Jack Jill Profit 90% 10% Loss 100% 0 As renting of single premises cannot be said as operating business; thus Jack and Jill cannot be regarded as co-partners under general law. As per the views of Halberda (2014), income and loss relating to rental property should be allocated equally between both of the partners for income tax purposes. Hence, partnership agreement will have no effect for income tax purposes, and Jack will be able to claim 50% loss relating to the rental property. As the decision provided in McDonald case will be applied in present scenario and equal profit and loss will be provided to Jack and Jill for taxation purpose. In case the property is sold in future than capital gain or capital loss will be equally allocated to Jack and Jill for income tax purposes. Case Law: Duke of Westminster v CIR 19 TC 490. In specified case, Duke promised to pay his servants additional amount to his servant in case if he provides additional services. The specified promise for written in the form of agreement. Further, no payment was made to the servant, but Duke received an additional deduction for taxation purpose. Previous year provision has been formulated by the constitution in order to assess the scheme which can result into tax evasion (Harding, 2013). Further, it was concluded in a settlement that the specified kind of ruling serves as an originator for developing new provisions rather that assessing existing rulings. The case of Duke Westminster was resolved by Lord Wilberforce which concluded that the ruling of the specified case restrained the court from assessing actual transaction to allege basic nature of transactions. Thus, it was specified that legal nature of transactions should be ascertained and in case a variety of transactions are available than the same is required to be assessed by legal authorities (Woellner and et al. 2016). It can be concluded that the scheme was aimed at avoiding tax liability and as no commercial justification was available, it was followed for a long time. Presently, regulations have been established in order to assess other schemes which may lead to economy tax evasion methods. Thus, presently current ruling is emphasized more in comparison to previous provisions which has faded the major impact of specified case law. A large piece of land of pine trees is owned by Bill. Bill wishes to use the land for grazing sheep and for the same land requires being cleared out. Further, he comes to know that a logging company provides him offer of $1000 for each 100-meter land. The other option available to him is to receive a lump sum payment of $ 50000 for granting lodging company right for removing the required quantum of timber from land. Taxation Ruling 95/6 specifies the provision relating to taxation of receipts obtained from the sale of timber constituting assessable income. The taxpayer engaged in forest industry or not both are covered under this provision. In accordance with provision specified in point 25 taxpayer runs the forest operations might sale the standing the timber by providing the right to an individual or in some other manner. The specified income is taxable under subsection 25 (1) of specified taxation ruling. Further, royalty relating to same will also be considered as income and taxed as similar provisions. Conclusion From above provisions, it can be concluded that in the first scenario when standing timber is disposed and sold for $1000 per 100 meter which is not ordinary course business will be taxed under section 36 (1). In the second case when he received lump sum income for selling rights relating to disposing of timber the same will be assessed under section 25 (1). References Alpanda, S. and Zubairy, S. 2016. Housing and tax policy.Journal of Money, Credit and Banking.48(2-3). Pp.485-512. AO, M.D.A. 2015. Modernising the Australian Taxation Office: Vision, people, systems and values.eJournal of Tax Research. 13(1). P.1. Arnold, B.R., Bateman, H., Ferguson, A. and Raftery, A. 2014. The size, cost and asset allocation of Australian self-managed superannuation funds. Bankman, J., Shaviro, D.N., Stark, K.J. and Kleinbard, E.D. 2017.Federal Income Taxation. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Barkoczy, S. 2016. Foundations of business Law 2016.OUP Catalogue. Barkoczy, S. 2017. Core Tax Legislation and Study Guide.OUP Catalogue. Blakelock, S. and King, P. 2017. Taxation law: The advance of ATO data matching.Proctor, The,37(6). P.18. Bloom, D. 2015. Tax avoidance-a view from the dark side.Melb. UL Rev. 39. P.950. Bond, D. and Wright, A. 2017. A Snapshot of the Australian Taxpayer. Braverman, D., Marsden, S. and Sadiq, K. 2015. Assessing Taxpayer Response to Legislative Changes: A Case Study of In-House Fringe Benefits Rules.J. Austl. Tax'n,17. P.1. Halberda, J. 2014. Mistake of law and mistake of fact in English law of restitution. The Legal History Review. Psychology. Pp.261-283. Harding, M. 2013. Taxation of dividend, interest, and capital gain income. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2016. Australian Taxation Law 2016. OUP Catalogue

me Essays (431 words) - Marilyn Monroe, Converts To Judaism, Norma

Marilyn Monroe's career as an actress lasted 16 years. She made many films films, 24 in the first 8 years of her career. Born as Norma Jeane Mortenson on June 1, 1926 in Los Angeles General Hospital, her mother, Gladys, listed the fathers address as unknown. Marilyn would never know the true identity of her father. Due to her mother's mental instability and the fact that she was unmarried at the time, Norma Jeane was placed in the foster home of Albert and Ida Bolender. It was here she lived the first 7 years of her life. In 1933, Norma Jeane lived briefly with her mother. Gladys begin to show signs of mental depression and in 1934 was admitted to a rest home in Santa Monica. Grace McKee, a close friend of her mother took over the care of Norma Jeane. "Grace loved and adored her", recalled one of her co-workers. Grace, telling her..."Don't worry, Norma Jeane. You're going to be a beautiful when you get big...an important woman, a movie star." Grace was captivated by Jean Harlow, a superstar of the twenties, and Marilyn would later say:"and so Jean Harlow was my idol." Grace was to marry in 1935 and due to financial difficulties, Norma Jeane was placed in an orphanage from September 1935 to June 1937. Grace frequently visited her, taking her to the movies, buying clothes and teaching her how to apply makeup at her young age. Norma Jeane was to later live with several of Grace's relatives. In September 1941 Norma Jeane was again living with Grace when she met Jim Dougherty, 5 years her senior. Grace encouraged the relationship and on learning that she and her husband would be moving to the East Coast, set in motion plans for Norma Jeane to marry Dougherty on June 19, 1942. Dougherty joined the Merchant Marines in 1943 and in 1944 was sent overseas. Norma Jeane, while working in a factory inspecting parachutes in 1944, was photographed by the Army as a promotion to show women on the assembly line contributing to the war effort. One of the photographers, David Conover, asked to take further pictures of her. By spring of 1945, she was quickly becoming known as a "photographers dream" and had appeared on 33 covers of national magazines. She was a public icon nearly the whole time she was a star, she later died from an overdose. There was suspicion that the government may have killed her because of her possibly having an affair with JFK. Many questions remain unanswered to this day.

Public health is termed as the knowledge and skill of avoiding illness, extending fitness The WritePass Journal

Public health is termed as the knowledge and skill of avoiding illness, extending fitness INTRODUCTION Public health is termed as the knowledge and skill of avoiding illness, extending fitness INTRODUCTION19th Century HousingDISCUSSIONPolitical ReformsThe Industrial ActsThe Poor LawREFERNCESRelated INTRODUCTION According to Acheson report (1988) Public health is termed as the knowledge and skill of avoiding illness, extending fitness in the course of a planned hard work of the community that is the idea and the hard work of the society will concentrate policy matters at the point of the general health of the people (Orme et al., 2003). Weber described class as â€Å"a number of people who have in common a specific causal component of their life chances in so far as this component is represented exclusively by economic interest in the possession of goods and opportunities for income, and is represented by under the conditions of the commodity or labour markets† (Townsend, 1974, p.128) 19th Century Housing According to Orme et al., (2003); Ineichen (1993) ; Burnett (1978) and Lambert, (2008) accommodations in the 19th century were extremely poor, overcrowded and unhygienic many homes were not properly constructed, and they were full of waterlogged and were unhealthy for human that is there were no illuminations; no airing in the house, in a typical home there were no furnishings in the individual homes, households had to share only one bed; that was mostly seven to nine individuals were sleeping in the same room and bed and the fact is these were usual practices around the time and sanitation had always been   poor since the 18th century and much poorer as the numbers of people living in the same room increased and this contributed to the distribution of infectious illness which included cholera, typhoid and typhus. Meanwhile there were no set of laws to construct a house in many cities. Building constructors usually constructed houses as they want and they mostly build a lot of properties in a single land. Several homes were back-to-backs which means the back of one house was attached to the back of the other and were often two or three rooms,   the sad thing was they were all cellar dwellings and cities such as Liverpool households stayed in cellars, which were soggy and inadequately ventilated as well as packed. Extremely poor individuals dozed on straw as they could not have the funds for beds (Lambert, 2008; Burnett, 1978; Ineichen, 1993) and Cholera around that time was very contagious which led many to a serious intestinal illness the incidence of cholera was very fast which took the lives of twenty- two thousand people the warning signs were aggressive diaheohoa with vomiting led by severe pain in the arms, legs and the stomach. Persistent dehydration and fever were frequent with the s ickness and warning signs were very speedy within three to twelve hours and the skin turned dry and a cloudy navy or purple in colour whiles the individuals eyes sucked in their holes (Lambert, 2008; Burnett, 1978; Ineichen, 1993). Within 1848-1849 cholera took over 50, 000 – 70, 000 lives and was a major public concerned. (Orme et al., 2003; Ineichen, 1993; Burnett, 1978) Moreover, Baggott, (1998) confirmed that the early 19th century had lots of voluntary hospitals that were set up by those who gave funds to the public. The status of the voluntary hospitals were such that doctors did not have to charge for treatment with the concession of allied with the hospital, but doctors were making a living by treating the rich investors whose donations sustained the hospitals. The rich were always treated in their houses instead of the hospitals and hospitals in the 19th century were chiefly for the poor who could not have enough money for treatment. However, permission to these hospitals was very discriminative in such that the poor and the individuals with contagious illness were often refused entry since the doctors were not getting any money from them (Baggott, 1998). According to Orme et al., (2003) Ineichen, (1993) Burnett (1978)   Lambert (2008) it was a very sad moment when a member of one’s family could only be seen for a few days or hours after woken up an in 1843, Individuals could not live for more than 26 years in Liverpool, 37 years in London and 40-45 years in Surrey and many children lost their lives prior to their fifth birthday (Ineichen, 1993) and incidence of contagious illness were considered as miasma theory, which stated that illness came as a result of inhaling toxic substances which was the main focused of the Victorian public health groups, when incidence began to worsen (Ineichen, 1993). In 1832 the Royal Commission on the poor Laws were chosen as the concerns for public health rose very high with an increase in the cost of public funds which was followed by outburst of illness (Ineichen, 1993) it was not until 1840 when one Edwin Chadwick who was a famous supporter for social justice and the overall development of sanitary situations in the neighbourhood as a whole with decided to look into why there were a lot of contagious illness and according to Chadwick, the outbreak of contagious sickness were owed to poor sanitation, he recognised the fact that high levels of poverty were the grounds for individuals not being able to meet the expense of living in a cleaner environment however, individuals were really cleaning within as well as ingestion from polluted water supplies. In 1840, Chadwick had a strong-willed that something had to be done by investigating on his own. By 1842 Chadwick who was the Commissioner to the Poor Law ultimately issued a statement on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain. The statement accused the poor sanitation and overcrowded homes as the cause of illness. Chadwick assumed that the awfully standard of living of the poor gave way to the prevalence of illness; therefore he made careful observation on the way of life of individuals. Chadw ick’s came up with   a conclusion that the poor sanitary condition was the cause of illness in the community but his analysis also   he made it know that a well developed procedures must be in place so as to resolve the lives of the un-wealthy individuals in the society and the procedures were to   run   sufficient drainage and water systems. Chadwick also added that all refuse must not be stored in homes and roads so as to reduce the spread of illness in the community (Ineichen, 1993). It was not until the hub of 1800s when one physician John Snow , who was managing the incidence of cholera in Broadgate which was a poor suburb in London assessed the effect of the illness from one area to another and made it known that drinking from polluted water was the cause of the incidence of illness such as Cholera rather than inhaling polluted scent from the atmosphere and as a result, a new legislation was passed when Chadwick revealed his 1842 report which made it clear that poor standard of living were the cause of the major incidence of illnesses in town which led majority of people to be occupied in cellars as a result of   the government driven them out of their homes in 1851   to stop overcrowded (Orme et al., 2003; Ineichen, 1993; Burnett, 1978; Lambert, 2008). Many men groups named Paving Commissioners or Improvement commissioners were set up with the rights to tile, sanitary and illuminate the roads but in those times England was separated into parishes therefore the Commissioners merely had rights over specific parishes ( Burnett, 1978; Ineichen, 1993). However in the 19th century many new houses were constructed which expanded to other parishes where the commissioners had no rights in the new neighbourhood their roads were normally untilled with no lights on the streets. They had no drainage systems and when it rained roads curved into sludge. Individuals were splashing unclean water in the roads which left stagnant on the roads, toilets outside the homes and were normally used by more addresses, there were usually long lines especially on Sunday mornings to use the toilets (Lambert, 2008; Burnett, 1978; Ineichen, 1993). DISCUSSION In the nineteenth century the living condition of the British civilization was extremely poor (Rose, 1982) take home pay per every individual was  £45 in 1900 and  £57 pounds in 1938. Many individuals who were able to work fell into poverty at some point of their lives and poverty was considered as part of the civilization. Even individuals with the maximum paid could come across in a time of work dejection. As work was very difficult to come by even if you were desperate and determined to do so. Even an artisan at some point had to depend on the incomes of children, help from friends, or borrowed money from neighbouring tradesmen so as to make ends meet before things get better. A bigger percentage of the British population straggled to make ends meet and their level of poverty were more constant even if it was not everlasting one (Rose, 1982), that is pauperism and misery was considered as a collective problem but not poverty. Later in the 19th century plans were made to reconstruct the public health professionals were allotted and assisted to develop the drainage systems, accommodations and roads. Individuals started to realise about the effects of good hygiene. Florence Nightingale went on an assignment to develop hospital environments whiles Joseph Lister also revealed that many contagious illnesses came as a result of unsterile instruments used in surgery therefore he started cleaning apparatus after surgery this reduced the number of contagious deaths during surgery operation from 60% to 4% since then individuals were able to live longer after discovery of personal hygiene. . The public sector had the biggest share of hospital Political Reforms According to Lambert (2008) the Tory regime was set up in 1822 which then initiated a number of reforms at that moment, individuals could be suspended for more than 200 crimes however in 1825-1828 the life sentenced was eradicated for than 180 offences. The Industrial Acts Lambert (2008) has confirmed that an industry is termed as an environment where over fifty individuals are engaged with the aim of developing a mass product or material. The industrial revolution formed a unique order for women and child labour. Children were always working together with their families but prior to the 19th century children normally did part time work in fabric industries with women and were usually asked to do lengthy hours normally 12 hours or more in a day. The government was aware of the problem and in 1819 a law was passed to make illegitimate for children less than nine years of age to be employed in fabric industries. On the other hand the law was not very effective as there were no assessors to monitor the industries for unlawful children working. Therefore in 1833 a new law was passed for supervisors to monitor the fabric industries to stop children below the age of nine from labouring in the fabric industries. Children who were aged nine to thirteen were al so not permitted to do more than twelve hour shift a  Ã‚   day or more than 48 hours within seven days and Children aged thirteen to eighteen were also not to do more than 69 hours within seven days. Moreover no one below the aged of eighteen was permitted to do late night shift that is between 8.30 in the evening to 5.30 in the morning but within 1844 another act passed to disallow female from doing more than twelve hour shift within 24 hours which also decreased the minimum working age for operating in the fabric industries but in 1847 females and children were stopped from doing over ten hour shift within twenty four hours in the fabric industries. In addition to the reforms, in 1850 the law was modified to permit females to work for ten and halve hours a day meanwhile fabric industries were not to be operated for more twelve hours within twenty four hours a day and every employee together with men, were authorized to take one and half hours for meal breaks however,   In 1867 the law was expanded to all industries not only fabric industries however the1878 Factory Act explained an industry as any environment where equipment are used in processing materials. Moreover, in 1842 Miners Act was passed which prohibited females and children below the aged of ten from going underground to do mining work(Lambert, 2008). At the middle of 1860s the ten hour shift a day was very normal, but not worldwide. In sweated industries for instance manufacturing of matchboxes and fasten and individuals were getting more wages for ever single they completed many were working from their residence and usually worked from sunrise till sundown to make ends meet. All the same in 1871 bank holidays were formed and In the 1870s a number of professional employees were assigned an annual seven day vacation with pay. (Although it was not until 1939 that everybody had annual paid holidays) but in 1890s it was general for most individuals to have the weekends to rest especially Saturday afternoon(Lambert, 2008). Trade Unions in the 19th Century Between the 1799 and 1800 the regime conceded the Combination Acts, which prohibited men from doing more than two jobs so as to make more earnings but in 1824, the combination acts were abolished but it was still not certain whether trade unions were officially authorized to make laws and was not until 1871 that trade unions were certainly made lawful. Moreover, In the 1850s and 1860s qualified employees created temperate trade unions named New Model Unions which employees had to make donations towards the union and in turned received illness and job loss benefits and the New Model Unions were devoted and regarded as highly professionals who tried to consult instead of thump it was not until 1868 when TUC was established (Lambert, 2008).. Moreover, in the late 19th century unqualified employees started to structure an influential trade union and in 1888 one Annie Besant tried to arrange a thump between females who toiled in Bryant and May industries to produce matches the reason was that the girls were getting low wages from working with them and experienced a sickness named phossy jaw which comes as a result of operating with phosphorous. The strike went well and the companies were asked to increase their wages and in 1889 the girls created a trade union to protect their rights at work (Lambert, 2008). Meanwhile In March 1889 individuals working for Gas companies and common Labourers also created a union whiles on the 14th August 1889 employees from the Great London Dock also had an achievable thump for five weeks for increase in pay (Lambert, 2008) Professional employees occupied in through addresses, as the name implies it means one can stroll through them from front to back. Meanwhile in the 1840s town councils started to make enforcements on houses. Cellar houses were prohibited and the style back-to-backs could not be constructed anymore but it was not viable to destroy and restore them all at ago. It took many years and many were still occupying in back-to-backs in the 20th century (Lambert, 2008; Burnett, 1978). Still at the beginning of the 19th century toilets were usually cesspits, which were not regularly drained and from time to time spilled over while urine could leak through the floor into holes from which individuals got drinking water. This led to the spread of contagious illness such as cholera in many cities in the1831-32, 1848-49, 1854 and 1865-66 and in 1848 a Public Health Act was imposed. The act made it obligatory to structure local Boards of Health in towns and where the annual mortality rate will surpass 23 per 1,000 or if 10% of the population wanted it. Local Boards of Health could claim that all new homes get waste pipes and toilets. They would also arrange a water supply, street cleaning and waste collection. And In 1875 a Public Health Act was reinforced over the old acts where every local authority were asked to nominate Medical Officers of Health who would be responsible for taking legal action over individuals who sold polluted food or drink which was unclean to be utilized by individuals and local councils were made compulsory to offer waste collection (Lambert, 2008). Town councils started to make public parks available and a lot were approved by-laws, which set down the least standards for new homes. However in the 1860s and 1870s sewers were dug in many big towns and In the 1870s water supplies were installed in many towns which led to much better and hygienic environment at the later part of the 19th century than earlier stage whiles in 1875 the Artisans Dwellings Act was conceded, which enabled councils the right to destroy poor areas but authorization to destroy huge range poor areas could not start until the 20th century. (Lambert, 2008) Also in the middle of the 19th century the standard of living grew up. And by and by homes developed bigger. And In the end of the   19th century two-up, two-downs were frequently seen that is homes with double bedrooms with a kitchen and front room and   most professional workers   occupied in addresses with three bedrooms. Meanwhile at the later part of the 19th century very few poor households were still occupying in only a single room (Lambert, 2008) The Poor Law In 1792 well known magistrates met at Speenhamland in Berkshire and formulated a scheme for helping the poor. Minimum salaries were added to cash heaved by a poor charge. Several neighbourhoods of England implemented the scheme but it beard out to be very costly and the government however determined to make some amendments. In 1834 the Poor Law Amendment Act was conceded. In future the poor were to be handled as unkindly as possible to discourage them from getting aid from the country. In future able bodied people with no income were to be forced to enter a workhouse. (In practice some of the elected Boards of Guardians sometimes gave the unemployed outdoor relief i.e. they were given money and allowed to live in their own homes). For the unfortunate people made to enter workhouses life was made as unpleasant as possible. Married couples were separated and children over 7 were separated from their parents. The inmates were made to do hard work like breaking stones to make roads or breaking bones to make fertiliser. The poor called the new workhouses bastilles (after the infamous prison in Paris) and they caused much bitterness. However as the century went on the workhouses gradually became more humanitarian (Lambert, 2008). REFERNCES Ashforth, D., Digby, A., Duke, F., Flinn, W.M., Fraser, D., McCord, N., Paterson, A., Rose, E.M. (1976) the new poor Law in the Nineteenth Century Macmillan: London Baggott, R. (1998) Health and Health care in Britain (2nd Ed) Macmillan: Basingstoke Burnett, J. (1978) a Social History of Housing 1815-1970 David and Charles: Vermont Englander, D. (1998) Poverty and poor Law Reform in 19th Century Britain, 1834-1914 From Chadwick to Booth Longman: London Ineichen, B. (1993) Homes and Health: How Housing and health interact Chapman hall: London Lambert, T (2008) England in the 19th Century www.localhistories.org/19thcentengland.html(accessed 23.03.11) Orme, J. Powell, J. Taylor, P. Harrison, T. and Grey, M. (2003) Public Health for the 21st Century: New Perspectives on policy, participation and practice Open University press: London Rose, E.M. (1982) Studies in Economic and Social History: The Relief of poverty 1834-1914 Macmillan: London Townsend, P. (1974) the Concept of Poverty Heinemann: London

Margaret Beaufort Facts and Timeline

Margaret Beaufort Facts and Timeline Also see: Margaret Beaufort Biography   Margaret Beaufort Facts Known for:  founder of the (British royal) Tudor dynasty through her support for her son’s claim to the throneDates:  May 31, 1443 – June 29, 1509 (some sources give 1441 as birth year) Background, Family: Mother: Margaret Beauchamp, an heiress. Her father was John Beauchamp, and her first husband was Oliver St. John.Father: John Beaufort, earl of Somerset (1404 – 1444). His mother was Margaret Holland and his father was John Beaufort, first earl of Somerset.Siblings: Margaret Beaufort had no full siblings. Her mother had six children with her first husband, Oliver St. John Margaret’s mother, Margaret Beauchamp, was an heiress whose maternal ancestors included Henry III and his son, Edmund Crouchback.   Her father was a grandson of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, who was a son of Edward III, and of John’s mistress-turned-wife, Katherine Swynford. After John married Katherine, he had their children, given the patronym Beaufort, legitimized through a papal bull and royal patent.   The patent (but not the bull) specified that the Beauforts and their descendants were excluded from the royal succession. Margaret’s paternal grandmother, Margaret Holland, was an heiress; Edward I was her  paternal ancestor and Henry III her  maternal ancestor. In the wars of succession known as the Wars of the Roses, the York party and the Lancaster party were not completely separate family lines; they were much interconnected by family relationships.   Margaret, though aligned with the Lancaster cause, was the second cousin of both Edward IV and Richard III; the mother of those two York kings,  Cecily Neville  was the daughter of  Joan Beaufort  who was the daughter of John of Gaunt and  Katherine Swynford. In other words, Joan Beaufort was the sister of Margaret Beauforts grandfather, John Beaufort. Marriage, Children: Contracted marriage with: John de la Pole (1450; dissolved 1453). His father, William de la Pole, was Margaret Beaufort’s guardian. John’s mother, Alice Chaucer, was the granddaughter of the writer Geoffrey Chaucer and his wife, Philippa, who was the sister of Katherine Swynford.   Thus, he was a third cousin of Margaret Beaufort.Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond (married 1455, died 1456). His mother was Catherine of Valois, daughter of King Charles VI of France and widow of Henry V. She married Owen Tudor after Henry V died.   Edmund Tudor was thus a maternal half-brother of Henry VI; Henry VI was also a descendant of John of Gaunt, by his first wife, Blanche of Lancaster.Son: Henry Tudor, born January 28, 1457Henry Stafford (married 1461, died 1471).   Henry Stafford was her second cousin; his grandmother, Joan Beaufort, was also a child of John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford.   Henry was a first cousin of Edward IV.Thomas Stanley, Lord Stanley, later Earl of De rby (married 1472, died 1504) Timeline Note: many details have been left off.   See: Margaret Beaufort biography 1443 Margaret Beaufort born 1444 Father, John Beaufort, died 1450 Marriage contract with John de la Pole 1453 Marriage to Edmund Tudor 1456 Edmund Tudor died 1457 Henry Tudor born 1461 Marriage to Henry Stafford 1461 Edward IV took crown from Henry VI 1462 Guardianship of Henry Tudor given to a Yorkist supporter 1470 Rebellion against Edward IV put Henry VI back on throne 1471 Edward IV again became king, Henry VI and his son both killed 1471 Henry Stafford died of wounds suffered in battle on behalf of the Yorkists 1471 Henry Tudor flees, went to live in Brittany 1472 Married to Thomas Stanley 1482 Margarets mother, Margaret Beauchamp, died 1483 Edward IV died, Richard III became king after imprisoning Edwards two sons 1485 Defeat of Richard III by Henry Tudor, who became King Henry VII October 1485 Henry VII crowned January 1486 Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville September 1486 Prince Arthur born to Elizabeth of York and Henry VII, Margaret Beauforts first grandchild 1487 Coronation of Elizabeth of York 1489 Princess Margaret born, named for Margaret Beaufort 1491 Prince Henry (future Henry VIII born) 1496 Princess Mary born 1499 1506 Margaret Beaufort made her home at Collyweston, Northamptonshire 1501 Arthur married Catherine of Aragon 1502 Arthur died 1503 Elizabeth of York died 1503 Margaret Tudor married James IV of Scotland 1504 Thomas Stanley died 1505 1509 Gifts to create Christs College at Cambridge 1509 Henry VII died, Henry VIII became king 1509 Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon coronation 1509 Margaret Beaufort died Next:  Margaret Beaufort Biography

The Theory of Utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Theory of Utilitarianism - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the actions of Cooper meet utilitarianism by the fact that the outcome of his actions benefits both himself and others. His liver donation helps the family of those who are in need of the organ and brings joy to that family. Cooper’s actions also make him and his family happy for the act of saving another person’s life through considering their previous experience. Furthermore, everybody who knows him acknowledges his action as the right thing. Our actions according to utilitarianism should emulate Cooper’s in ensuring benefits to the majority and not a single individual. In our daily actions and decision, we should consider benefits to others and not personal gains. Cooper does this and goes far enough to ensure that he saves the life an anonymous individual and feel right while risking his own. However, act like that of Cooper is too extreme in risking personal life while there are many other options that can benefit the majority. Co oper and his family passed through fear of all the risks before and during the surgery.

Mentoring Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mentoring - Assignment Example Mentors help people to solve their problems at work and out of the office as well. Being capable to manage their life, people feel empowered to do more than they usually do. As a result, they show greater performance and experience fewer difficulties while copying with new tasks or carrying greater responsibility than they used to have. Mentors use their personal example to show that their interventions work perfectly well for them in their life. For instance, if a friend gives a piece of advice, it does not mean that this friend acts the way she or she advices in real life. Everything is different with mentors because they believe in what they say and act accordingly. Usually, such examples are very inspiring because if someone can handle everything, other people can also life effectively. Climate of trust is very important for mentor-mentee relationships because only in this way mentors can effectively help their clients to succeed. In order to create relationships of trust, mentors should be understanding and show positive attitude to the mentee. Also, mentors need to share information with their mentees; they need to provide their personal information as well in exchange for their same information about their mentee. In order to work effectively together, mentor and mentee need to facilitate agenda and define long-term and short-term goals they need to set during their sessions. This agenda is necessary because it directs work and makes it clear why certain things need to be done. Set goals and solve problems is possible only when people share information about their past and present. Some problems appeared to have place in the past and their consequences can negatively influence mentees life. On the other hand, mentor can understand mentee better if she or she knows the background of this person. Obviously from the title, traditional one-to-one mentoring is the most frequently met mentoring model. It is

The Lost City Essay Example for Free

The Lost City Essay â€Å"The Lost City† is a movie which tackles the situation of Cuba during the time of the pre-revolution up to the time of Fidel Castro. The setting is in Havana in the year 1958, and the story is about Fico Fellove, the main character portrayed by Andy Garcia. Fico is the owner of the night club called El Tropico, which is known to be one of the classiest clubs in Havana at that time. This presentation of Havana depicted the economic and social status enjoyed by the Cubans before the outbreak of the revolution. Cuba then was one of the more advanced countries in Latin America with a low mortality rate, and high literacy rate. Being a small country with a relatively small population, Cuba was one of the most highly-educated races in the region with a rich gold reserve and abundant natural resources. Everything looked promising for the country until the rebels slowly gained more and more adherents because of the dictatorship led by Fulgencio Batista, the president of Cuba during the said year. Fico’s club is doing well at the beginning of the movie, and everything seems to be peaceful and harmonious. At Sunday dinners, Fico’s family would all gather at their family house to spend time to bond together and catch up on each other’s lives. During this Sunday dinner, however, tension would rise as one of Fico’s brothers, Ricardo, would bring up the idea of revolution as a response to the increasing political unrest in Cuba. Ricardo believed in the revolutionary ideology and becomes part of the rebels who would go against the government forces. Another brother, Luis, is randomly arrested for publicizing anti-government sentiments. Meanwhile, Fico still tried to remain as neutral as possible. The aforementioned situations are reflective of Cuba’s situation immediately before the revolution. The arrests were made in an effort to quell civilian unrest or possibly to strike fear on those who are contemplating on following the rebel ideology. Social and economic conditions declined as a result of these uprisings as the political instability in the country continued to worsen. Soon, however, Fulgencio Batista realizes that his government’s future was bleak so he says goodbye to Cuba and flees to the Dominican Republic leaving the country in turmoil. On the second week of 1959, Fidel Castro assumes the presidency and another dictatorship ascends to power. Both events – the fleeing of Batista and the assumption of Castro are shown in the movie. Luis is killed by pro-Batista forces. Aurora, the wife of Luis, finds a shoulder-to-cry-on in Fico, and eventually, they fall in love. On the other hand, Ricardo moves on to become one of the high-ranking leaders of Fidel de Castro. The new dictatorship under Castro is more eager to assume power and control over the economy so they grab lands, businesses and property in the guise of saying that it was for the government, which actually took place and is manifested in Cuba’s historical records. Fico’s club is slowly taken control of and the tobacco farm of their uncle is taken by force by no less than Ricardo himself. His uncle tries to assert his rights over his land and dies as a result of his anger against Ricardo. Ricardo goes to his uncle’s funeral rites, gets a reprimand from every member of the family, is labeled a â€Å"disgrace† by his father and eventually commits suicide. With the increasing tension in Cuba, Fico’s father suggests that he (Fico) should leave immediately before it was too late, since their family had already seen too much loss. With much hesitation, Fico agrees to his father’s suggestion and he goes to the U. S. to seek refuge. Fico leaves a ticket for Aurora, but she does not show up at the airport. At first, Fico gets employed as a dishwasher at a club, then later on as the pianist. Aurora finally shows up in the US when Fico is already regaining his self-worth and enjoying his freedom. It is only when he is called upon by Meyer Lansky (Dustin Hoffman) to operate the â€Å"Fico’s El Tropico† club in New York that Fico truly recovers the happiness he thought he had already lost. The situation in Cuba has not changed much after Castro became the country’s leader and has remained almost the same since then. Education and healthcare have become government priorities but the curtailment of people’s freedom of expression as well as the harassment of anti-government proponents still persists. The country is still under a socialist government, or adheres to communism and it continues to maintain anti-U. S. sentiments as a result of Castro’s predominant leanings. As a whole, the movie â€Å"The Lost City† captured the overall scenario of the Cuban situation during the period tackled. It is a movie which is worth watching because it accurately represents the revolution and its possible effects on a specific family, in this case, the Fellove family. It also tackles the theme of love and how it can succeed despite all odds. Notes